Concussion 101: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Recovery
Understanding Concussion
A concussion is a temporary disruption of brain function caused by a direct blow to the head or an impulsive force transmitted to the head. It is commonly seen in both recreational and competitive sports. Symptoms can vary significantly between individuals and often evolve over time. Common signs include headaches, drowsiness, balance issues, and cognitive difficulties. While most concussions result in functional disturbances without structural damage, a small percentage may lead to microscopic changes in the brain, aligning with mild traumatic brain injury.
How is Concussion Diagnosed?
Currently, there is no definitive test for diagnosing a concussion. It should be suspected in anyone who sustains a head impact during sports or recreational activities. Immediate signs that require removal from play include loss of consciousness, confusion, balance problems, and memory loss. If a concussion is suspected, the individual should be removed from the environment and assessed by a healthcare professional. Diagnosis involves evaluating the injury mechanism, symptom progression, and the use of concussion assessment tools like the SCAT6.
Managing a Concussion
The initial response to a concussion involves removing the individual from play and ensuring 24–48 hours of mental and physical rest. It is advised to avoid potential aggravators such as bright screens (e.g., mobile phones, TV), loud noises, and alcohol. After being assessed by a healthcare professional, a gradual return to cognitive and physical activities is recommended. This includes a step-by-step progression from light activity to non-contact training before receiving medical clearance for full-contact sports. Recovery time varies based on symptoms rather than a fixed timeframe, with a more cautious approach recommended for individuals under 18.
Preventing Concussion
The effectiveness of protective equipment in preventing concussions remains uncertain. Some evidence suggests that soft-shell headgear may lower concussion risk in adolescent soccer, but there is no conclusive proof for other sports. Similarly, mouthguards have been shown to reduce concussions in ice hockey, but not in rugby or other contact sports. While protective gear may not always prevent concussions, it plays a crucial role in minimizing other injuries such as dental trauma, lacerations, and fractures. Ultimately, the most effective strategy is proper concussion management—ensuring all concussions are appropriately treated and preventing premature return to play to reduce both immediate and long-term risks.